CLIL  Romanesque and Gothic Sculpture During the Medieval Age had a central role in architecture, as decoration of facades and portals, and was an instrument to spread the Christian message sculpture WARM UP Describe the two sculptures by describing their similarities and differences using the words given below.  ACTIVITY 1 marble  precious stones  standing  Greek goddess  white  rich cloak  half-naked  bright colours  dressed  severe and rigid position  twisting torso  painted  sensual figure  Virgin and Child  graceful  sitting  dynamic position  wood  soft drapery , classical period. End of 2nd cent B.C. Venus of Milos , romanesque period. 12th-beginning of 13th cent. Virgin and Child BRAINSTORMING Work in pairs and write 3 things you remember about this period in history. about the Middle Ages? ACTIVITY 2.A What do I know     Work in pairs and write 3 things you know about sculptures. about sculptures? ACTIVITY 2.B What do I know     Work in pairs and write 3 things you want to know about sculptures in the Middle Ages. ACTIVITY 2.C What do I want to know about sculptures in the Middle Ages?      › pagina 467  INPUT Match the following words to their meanings. ACTIVITY 3.A scholars 1. humanists 2. boundaries 3. fall 4. providing 5. teachings 6. preserved 7. rise 8. trading 9. sustained 10. wealth 11. rhetoric 12. conferred 13. uprisings 14. famine 15. plague 16. lack or scarceness of food something given by someone of higher authority a belief or doctrine that is taught decline to furnish skillfully used language a great deal of money or resources to buy and sell material a widespread disease that causes death to give aid or courage an insurrection or revolt 15th-century scholars to increase in rank people who had a high level of education well maintained the line that separates one country from another a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. Listen to the recording and take notes in order to complete the timeline below. ACTIVITY 3.B  Asset ID: 103 ( )  sta-clilen-romanesque-and-gothic-s70.mp3 Listening Listen to the recording and take notes in order to complete the timeline below. ACTIVITY 3.C  Asset ID: 104 ( )  sta-clilen-romanesque-and-gothic-s80.mp3 Listening  › pagina 468  MATERIALS Carefully read the following texts and complete the activities. ACTIVITY 4 Romanesque Sculpture  The term Romanesque is applied to the art of the 11th and 12th centuries in Western Europe, and it emphasizes its connection with Roman Art. In reality Romanesque Art incorporates various influences and styles such as Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian, and includes elements from the Byzantine and Islamic cultures. Venice, in fact, established a commercial empire which spread across the eastern Mediterranean as far as Constantinople. The mass movements of people during the first three Crusades contributed to the encounter of the Western and Islamic worlds. Sculpture had a revival in the Romanesque period along with a new wave of the construction of churches. The new Romanesque churches required sculptures as an integral part of their architecture. Church portals, in particular, were livened up with sculptures so as to vividly present essential elements of the Christian doctrine. In the late Romanesque period sculptural ornaments inundated portals, apses, capitals and façades, almost submerging the architecture. Inside the churches, the pilgrims could see baptismal fonts and pulpits decorated with basreliefs, candleholders casted in bronze, and brightly coloured wooden sculptures. The order of the iconographic program is often the same: in the tympanum we can see the Last Judgement, with Christ sitting in the centre as the Judge, inserted in an almond shape. Around him there are the four evangelists or their symbols. The jambs are the places for the sculptures of saints along with capitals which are decorated with biblical stories, animals, and plants. Archivolts and the façades also present scenes of the everyday life of peasants, zodiacal symbols, monsters and fantastic creatures. Most of the authors of the sculptures are unknown, as they were simple craftsmen. However, the names of the most important were documented as the following: Wiligelmo, who was active in Modena; Nicholaus, who realised his masterpiece in Verona, decorating the Basilica of San Zeno; Benedetto Antelami in Parma; Gislebertus, the Master of the Cathedral of Saint Lazare in Autun, France. Benedetto Antelami, , Parma Cathedral, Italy Deposition from the Cross Match the following words to their Italian translations. ACTIVITY 4.A portals 1. livened up 2. apses 3. capitals 4. façades 5. baptismal fonts 6. pulpits 7. bas-reliefs 8. casted 9. almond-shape 10. jambs 11. archivolts 12. peasants 13. craftsmen  14. montanti absidi bassorilievi artigiani contadini a forma di mandorla archivolti animati fonti battesimali fusi portali pulpiti facciate capitelli a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n.  › pagina 469  Select whether the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones with the information from the text above.  ACTIVITY 4.B Romanesque sculptures were an integral part of architecture. 1. True False The majority of Romanesque sculptures represent everyday life. 2. True False Christ is usually inserted in an almond shape. 3. True False Wooden sculptures were painted in bright colours. 4. True False All the authors of the sculptures of this period are unknown. 5. True False Gothic Sculpture  Romanesque art gave way to Gothic art and architecture which was exemplified by its great Cathedrals. The Gothic Cathedrals are among man’s most extraordinary creations. They were a symbol of the Universe. Their structure reflected the rationality of God’s creation, where stained glass windows, sculptures and mural paintings illustrated the messages of the Bible. Their construction required the activity of many architects, builders, masons, sculptors, stonecutters, painters, stain-glass makers, carpenters, metalworkers, and jewelers. The sculpture of the period was conceived for the embellishment of cathedrals. Sculptures invaded the cathedral façades, tympanums, arch moldings, portals, pillars of the choirs and tombs. The first change in the evolution from the Romanesque style was evident in the Western Portal of Chartres Cathedral. Here sculptors created figures with long cylindrical shapes, delicate drapery lines, and serene, quiet faces. These figures acted as columns and were the decisive steps towards the creation of a new sculpture. From then onwards the human figure became more realistic and graceful, with individualized faces, natural poses and gestures. In this period the image of the Virgin changed because she is young, smiling, elegantly dressed, and playing with her Son. The elements of sufferance are clearly demonstrated on Christ nailed to the Cross. An intensified realism is visible in tomb sculptures, which were placed in lateral chapels inside the churches. These were commissioned by the nobles and bourgeoisie and they showed the dead person lying on a bed with clasped hands in a praying position. Statues carved out of the same block as the column evolved into sculptures “in the round”. The free-standing sculpture is meant to be viewed from all sides, with no other function but to be admired. In Italy, Gothic influences merged with classical and naturalistic elements. The most famous Masters were Nicola Pisano, his son Giovanni Pisano, Arnolfo di Cambio. Arnolfo di Cambio, , San Domenico, Orvieto, Italy Tomb of Cardinal Guillaume de Braye Match the following words to their Italian translations.  ACTIVITY 4.C conceived 1. embellishment 2. tympanum 3. arch molding 4. pillars 5. choirs 6. drapery lines 7. onwards 8. chapels 9. folded 10. carved out 11. merged  12. cori in avanti scolpite piegate pilastri concepita linee di drappeggio abbellimento uniti cappelle modanatura dell’arco timpano  a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l.  › pagina 470  Answer the following questions. ACTIVITY 4.D Where was the first change from Romanesque sculpture to Gothic sculpture evident? 1.     What were the characteristics of the new columns? 2.     Why can we say human figures became more realistic? 3.     What is a sculpture “in the round”? 4.     Who were the greatest sculptors of this period? 5.     Symbolism and Iconography  Real and fantastic animals occupied an important role in medieval art. They carried symbolic meanings and moral education connected to Christianity. Symbolic imagery was vital in a world of ignorance and illiteracy and visual language was necessary to teach people the path to salvation. In this art we can find animal forms in paintings, sculptures, jewelry and illuminations. The lamb, that was a sacrificial animal in Israelite rites, became a symbol of Christ, modesty, peace and innocence. The snake, that drew Adam and Eve into temptation, symbolized Satan. In the sculptures the Holy Spirit descended on Jesus like a dove, and the Evangelists were also associated with animals. The winged ox represented Luke, and he winged lion represented Mark. John’s symbol was an eagle and Mathew’s an angel. The unicorn, a fantastic animal, was a symbol of chastity and innocence, and sometimes represented Christ. Fruit was also a part of the visual language: the apple which was the forbidden fruit reminded us of the sins of mankind. Instead, the fig symbolized the loss of innocence. The figures of God and Christ were often inserted into an almond shape which symbolized the glory of God. The visionary iconography of Medieval Art took its inspiration from the Old and New Testaments. The order of the universe created by God and a synthesis of the Christian doctrine, from Genesis to the Last Judgement, were displayed on the façade of every church. Match the following words to their Italian translations.  ACTIVITY 4.E illiteracy 1. illuminations 2. path 3. lamb 4. drew 5. winged 6. ox 7. eagle 8. chastity 9. sins 10. fig 11. fico peccati attirò miniature bue agnello cammino alato aquila castità analfabetismo a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. Answer the following questions with the correct information from the text.  ACTIVITY 4.F Why are Medieval sculptures referred to as a “visual language”? 1.       Where did Medieval iconography take its inspiration from? 2.        › pagina 471  Look at the images and describe them using the specific terms you have learnt. Pay particular attention to the symbolism. ACTIVITY 5 Bernardo Gilduino, , 1096, Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Tolosa. Christ in Majesty Master of the Months, , 1220-1230, Cathedral Museum, Ferrara. September Wiligelmo, , Creation of Adam and Eve, a. 1099-1106, Cathedral, Modena Genesis Gislebertus, , 1130, Museum of the Capitular Room, Autun Awakening of the Three Magi General revision.  ACTIVITY 6 What are the main differences between Romanesque and Gothic art?  1. What is the relationship between architecture and sculpture?  2. What is the relationship between art and religion?  3. What are the main themes and symbols used in art during the Middle Ages?  4. Who are the most important sculptors? What sculptures did they create? 5. FINAL TASK Group work.  CASE STUDY In groups of 4 find information on a sculptor and his works either from the Romanesque period or the Gothic period.  a. Each student in the group chooses a work by the sculptor. He/she does some research on their chosen sculpture.  b. Each group must prepare a presentation that includes all the information requested in the chart below.  c. For each group’s presentation the class should be able to complete the case study chart with the information presented. d. Case Study Chart   Student A Student B Student C Student D Sculptor’s name         Different works         When were the sculptures made and where can they be found         Techniques and materials used         Characteristics of the sculptures         Symbolism in the sculptures         Further information