CLIL  The Modern City: Steel, Iron, Glass, and Concrete The Industrial Revolution changed the population distribution in many European countries, and the technical developments of the period permitted architects to use new building materials. The process of urbanisation made it necessary to think of in a different way. town planning WARM UP In your workbook draw a chart and indicate which words can be attributed to each building. ACTIVITY 1.A England reticulated structure four base pillars modular glass structures France majestic building four semicircular arches prefabricated parts iron and cast-iron structure housed the Great Exhibition more than 300 metres high 92,000-square-metre area central nave tower entrance gateway to the World’s Fair three levels barrel vault glass and iron structure 1. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, 1887-1889, iron and cast iron, Paris. 2. Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, Great Exhibition of 1851. Now use the vocabulary you have written in your chart to write a short description comparing the two buildings. ACTIVITY 1.B BRAINSTORMING Work in pairs and write three things you remember about this period in history. about the Industrial Revolution? ACTIVITY 2.A What do I know     Work in pairs and write three things you know about town planning. about town planning? ACTIVITY 2.B What do I know     Work in pairs and write three things you want to know about town planning during the Industrial Age. about town planning during the Industrial Age? ACTIVITY 2.C What do I want to know      › pagina 513  INPUT Match the following words to their meanings. ACTIVITY 3.A inanimate 1. masses 2. peasants 3. exploited 4. overcrowded 5. rational 6. awareness 7. humble 8. arose 9. utopian 10. criticised 11. struggled 12. demanded 13. press 14. proletarian 15. insurrections 16. defeated 17. realistic 18. overworked consciousness appeared denounced requested lifeless journalism uprisings working class farmers idealistic logical poor crowds beaten lifelike fought overpopulated a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. Listen to the recording and take notes in order to fill the gaps in the chart below. ACTIVITY 3.B  Asset ID: 61 ( )  sta-clilen-the-modern-city-steel-230.mp3 Listening Industrial Revolution  During the Industrial Revolution men and animals were substituted by ( ) and ( ) . Production increased in an ( ) way. In general, life conditions for ( ) and ( ) worsened both in ( ) and ( ) . ( ) moved to cities which were ( ) and had bad ( ) conditions.  1.                                 2.                                 3.                                 4.                                 5.                                 6.                                 7.                                 8.                                 9.                                 10.                                   Positivism ( ) exalted the ( ) society. Things which were useful for ( ) and positive were investigated using the ( ) method. Because of the scientific organisation of society, the industrialised countries were destined to ( ) incessantly.  1.                                 2.                                 3.                                 4.                                 5.                                   Utopian Socialists Injustice and social ( ) were denounced by the utopian ( ) . They developed social ( ) that were alternatives to ( ) .  1.                                 2.                                 3.                                 4.                                 Karl Marx  The Communist Manifesto and the ( ) were written by Karl Marx, who was a political and ( ) theorist. Marx’s critique of capitalism had enormous ( ) in Europe. 1.                                 2.                                 3.                                 Listen to the recording and take notes in order to choose the correct answer for each question. ACTIVITY 3.C  Asset ID: 62 ( )  sta-clilen-the-modern-city-steel-240.mp3 Listening Why did liberals and democrats struggle against authoritarian governments? 1. Because they wanted more political representation. a. Because there were revolutions in Europe. b. Because the press didn’t respect fundamental rights. c. What did the socialists plan? 2. The Second French Republic. a. The proletarian revolution. b. The insurrections in Germany. c. How did the First Italian War of Independence end? 3. With the proclamation of the Second French Empire. a. With the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy. b. With disastrous results against Austria. c. Why did architects rethink town planning? 4. Because of the demands of growing populations and new building techniques. a. Because of the changes in art and architecture. b. Because of the invention of photography. c. What did artists try to describe in their artwork? 5. They tried to describe people like Balzac, Flaubert and Zola. a. They tried to describe inventions and new techniques. b. They tried to describe the everyday life of workers and peasants. c.  › pagina 514  MATERIALS Carefully read the following texts and complete the activities. ACTIVITIES 4 The Modern City: Steel, Iron, Glass, and Concrete The Industrial Revolution, that had started at the end of the 18th century, continued to develop relentlessly during the 19th century. This caused important consequences on the technological progress of the period, in particular on building technologies. The new furnaces projected for foundries were able to produce a calorific power that was so high that it became possible to bend iron. This satisfied the material needs that emerged from the new types of architectural projects. Starting from the middle of the 19th century architects were able to realise ambitious projects thanks to new materials such as cast iron, steel, glass, and concrete. Masonry structures looked outdated because they represented forms of antiquated thought and style. The architect, as in the past, was the key person for designing the projects, but now the engineer became the essential figure for making all the necessary static calculations in relation to the materials used in the new structures. The École Polytechnique had been founded in Paris at the end of the 18th century and it was there where technicians were trained to work for the army. They were the first engineers who were later employed to project railways, roads, and bridges. The new architectural techniques proved to be suitable and economically convenient for great public buildings, like railway stations, bridges, towers, viaducts, exhibition palaces, museums, and banks Consequently the urban landscape changed profoundly. Modern town planning was conditioned by many factors. Some of these factors included the industrial development and the rapid changes in the trading and financial sectors that made important European towns expand and increase their populations. The new, huge, representative buildings built in the capital cities became hubs for political life and bureaucratic activities. The historical centres, with their ancient palaces and new monumental buildings, were surrounded by residential districts, with beautiful buildings and parks where the nobles and bourgeoisie lived. Factories were transferred to the outskirts in industrial areas. There, industrial workers continued to live in unregulated, ugly suburbs, with overcrowded housing, sanitation problems, including a lack of water supply and poor sewerage systems. The demand for sanitation improvements and social equity led to a slow implementation of regulatory laws, which set minimal standards for the construction of housing. Match the following words to their meanings. ACTIVITY 4.A relentlessly 1. furnaces 2. foundries 3. needs 4. masonry 5. outdated 6. trained 7. suitable 8. hubs 9. bourgeoisie 10. outskirts 11. lack 12. equity 13. set 14. demands not modern appropriate capitalist class state of being without outer parts of a town situation in which everyone is treated with fairness showing no lessening of intensity places where metal is melted taught to do a job through discipline and practise establish places which were the focus of activity enclosed structures in which heat is produced something made of stone or brick a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. Below you can see a diagram of how an industrial city expanded in the mid-1800s. Using the information found in the previous text try to label the diagram by inserting the three different parts of the city. Then describe what can be found in each part. ACTIVITY 4.B  › pagina 515  Answer the following questions. ACTIVITY 4.C What were three consequences of the technological progress during the Industrial Revolution?  1. Why did the urban landscape change profoundly?  2. What problems made it necessary to rethink town planning? 3. Complete the text below by inserting the words given. ACTIVITY 4.D glass Hyde barrel vault gallery nave emblem English iron modularity reconstruction • • • • • • • • • • London, a Modern Cathedral The most advanced industrial city in Europe was London, which was the ( ) of the evolution of modern society. There, in 1851, the First World’s Fair was inaugurated, with the title of “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations”. For this event an extraordinarily majestic building was constructed. It was completely realised in ( ) and metal, and for this reason it was called the Crystal Palace. In 1850 an international competition to design the palace was held. The ( ) architect Joseph Paxton, an expert on greenhouses, won it. He realised an enormous 92,000-square-metre crystal box to contain the history of humanity. The construction, placed in Hyde Park in London, was formed by a central ( ) and a transept. The nave was a huge open 564-metre-long ( ) . The main exhibition spaces, consisting of two stories of stands, overlooked it. The crossing of the nave with the transept was covered by a ( ) , high enough to accommodate some century-old trees. This monumental building was built in a few months because it was made of huge modular glass, wood and ( ) structures. Its ( ) had another advantage, as the building could be dismantled and reassembled in another place. After the exhibition, which lasted six months, the constructional parts were transported to Sydenham Hill, in south-east London, and the ( ) commenced. The new Crystal Palace incorporated most of the wood, iron and glass modules of the ( ) Park building, but was different in form. In 1936 the building was destroyed by a fire. 1.                                 2.                                 3.                                 4.                                 5.                                 6.                                 7.                                 8.                                 9.                                 10.                                 , 1851, engraving, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France. View of the Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace Match the following words to their meanings. ACTIVITY 4.E greenhouses 1. nave 2. transept 3. overlooked 4. barrel vault 5. dismantled 6. central and principal part of a Christian church semi-cylindrical vault disassembled part of a cruciform church that crosses the nave rooms or areas usually made of glass used for growing plants had a view of something from above a. b. c. d. e. f. Paris Urban Renovation The French Emperor Napoleon III launched the greatest urban renovation of the city of Paris. The program of the work to be done, that lasted from 1853 to 1870, was directed by Georges-Eugène Haussmann. The new urban plan required the demolition of some medieval sections of the city, where the unplanned narrow streets were not efficient for commerce and traffic. Wide boulevards that ran north to south and east to west with diagonal connections were opened. Squares, parks and elegant palaces with uniform facades were built to give Paris the aspect of a modern capital. Not only was the practicability of the road network improved, but the city also became safer. In the wide boulevards it would be more difficult to raise barricades, as those that had been raised during the uprisings that had been troubling the country since 1789. Monumental railway stations like the Gare de Lyon and the Gare du Nord were constructed. However, the poorest classes continued to live in the old quarters in bad conditions. A view of Place de l’Étoile, Paris.  › pagina 516  Select whether the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones. ACTIVITY 4.F The French architect Georges-Eugène Haussmann was appointed to direct the greatest urban True False renovation in Paris. 1. True False The medieval sections of the city were preserved because they were important for commerce and traffic. 2. True False Wide boulevards were built to improve the road network and the safety of the city. 3. True False The uniform facades of the buildings were built in this manner to maintain the medieval look of the city. 4. True False Monuments were built in the Gare de Lyon and the Gare du Nord. 5. True False Read the following paragraphs and then put them in the correct order to explain the new techniques used in the Industrial Age. ACTIVITY 4.G Eiffel Tower When the exposition finished, the structure was not dismantled and it became the symbol of the city of Paris. The Eiffel Tower remained the tallest structure in the world until the completion of the Chrysler Building in New York, in 1930. A In 1889 the (World’s Fair) was organised in Paris and it was for this occasion that the Eiffel Tower was built. This great work, designed by the French engineer Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, was the most astonishing example of the period’s new architectural technique, that was cast-iron architecture. B Exposition Universelle Reinforced concrete was a low-cost material that could withstand the action of atmospheric agents, and could assume different shapes By using reinforced concrete it became possible to construct buildings of exceptional dimensions. C One year later the Empire State Building was erected. It reached the incredible height of 381 metres, and 443 metres including the antenna. The skyscrapers, which changed the skyline of American cities, could reach such astonishing elevations thanks to the use of new materials and techniques. Steel and reinforced concrete, which is concrete containing steel bars, were used to absorb the tensile strength and avoid the deformation of the materials employed. D The equilibrium of this completely new structure was the result of complex static calculations. The result was a tower that was more than 300 metres high. Its weight was borne by four pillars joined by arches that formed a square base. In the project, at a height of 57 metres there was a first terrace, and then there was a second terrace at a height of 115 metres, which was to house a restaurant. The structure, in iron and cast iron, was entirely reticulated, so that it had a sense of lightness and it offered less resistance to the wind. E Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, work progress of the Eiffel Tower for the World’s Fair held in 1889 in Paris. Match the following words to their meanings. ACTIVITY 4.H astonishing 1. cast iron 2. static calculations 3. borne 4. pillars 5. arches 6. house 7. reticulated 8. skyline 9. reinforced concrete 10. tensile 11. employed 12. height 13. outline of buildings and nature seen against the sky amount of stress that materials can withstand without breaking analysis of loads acting on physical structures columns of stone, wood or metal used to support part of a building structures made with two columns joined over the top in a curve causing great surprise cement containing steel bars, mesh, etc. to make it stronger provide with a place having the form of a net held up distance above the ground used alloy of carbon and other elements with iron that becomes very hard and doesn’t bend a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m.  › pagina 517  New Models of Town Planning As a consequence of the Industrial Age and social question, theorists began to develop new models of town planning to provide citizens with healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environments. Here are some of the needs that 19th- and 20th-century urban planners had to consider in their theories and work plans:  to decentralise industrial environments from the centre of the cities;  to provide healthy living spaces for the factory workers;  to provide free access to gardens and parks;  to organise pedestrian circulation;  to organise the circulation of vehicles;  to organise infrastructures for public transport;  to preserve historical heritage;  to guarantee access to education;  to guarantee access to health care;  to organise commercial, financial, and political services;  to provide areas for social interaction, recreation and entertainment;  to provide pleasing living spaces for the elderly. Pair work. Work with a partner and answer the following questions.  ACTIVITY 4.I In your opinion what other aspects should be taken into consideration by urban planners?  1. In your opinion, what are the needs of the people in your town?  2. By yourself rank the needs listed in the reading above from the most to the least important. Now with your partner compare your rankings. 3. General revision.  ACTIVITY 5 What did the positivist intellectuals think about industrial civilisation?  1. Why did the conditions of the humble classes worsen when the Industrial Revolution started?  2. What was the greatest urban revolution in Paris? Describe it.  3. Why did it become possible to build structures that could reach astonishing heights?  4. In your opinion what are the most important needs that an urban planner has to consider when planning or revitalising a town? Give three examples and explain your reasons. 5. FINAL TASK Individual presentation. CASE STUDY You are a town planner and you must prepare a PowerPoint presentation for the town council. You must:  choose an Italian or European city;  a. research your chosen city (location, population, economy, transport, etc.);  b. find a plan of the city and try to explain its structure describing the different modern and historical areas and services;  c. make some suggestions to the town council on how to revitalise the city according to the needs of today’s citizens;  d. prepare a PowerPoint presentation based on your research including the basic information about the city, an analysis of the city’s needs and your proposal for revitalising it. e.