clil The Industrial Revolution The transformations that occurred in England after the middle of the 18th century involved different areas, including agriculture, manufacturing, technology, transportation and urbanization. The process was slow but changed the way people produced and consumed goods. Individual, familial and community organization changed as well. On the whole the reorganization of society can be called a “revolution”. WARM UP Observe the two images below and then insert the words that refer to Image A and Image B into the chart. Activity 1.A • plough • child • horses • spinning machines • countrywoman • agricultural production • industrial production • open space • countrymen • women factory workers • farming equipment • closed space • windmill • castle • factory • fields Image A   Image B   BEFORE A AFTER B Work in pairs and describe the images above using the words given in Activity 1.A. Then write a caption for each image. Activity 1.B In image A I can see … In image B I can see … Sample:  >> pagina 659  BRAINSTORMING Work in pairs and write 3 things you already know about the Industrial Revolution.What do I already know about the Industrial Revolution? Activity 2.a  about the production systems in Europe before the 18th century? What do I remember   Work in pairs and write 3 things you already know about the Industrial Revolution.What do I already know about the Industrial Revolution? Activity 2.B  the Industrial Revolution? What do I already know about   Activity 2.C Work in pairs and write 3 things you want to know about the consequences of the Industrial Revolution. about the consequences of the Industrial Revolution? What do I want to know   INPUT Match the following words to their meanings. Activity 3.a  boom  1.  approximate  2.  trends 3.  census  4.  bettering 5.  recruiting  6.  parish priests 7.  smallpox  8.  battlefields 9.  casualties  10.  buckwheat 11.  demand  12.  attitudes  13.  cattle  14. an official count of the population a. pastors of local ecclesiastical units b. . areas of conflict c improving d. . not perfectly accurate e highly contagious viral disease caused by the variola virus f. a grain used for making flour or feeding animals g. the desire for goods or services h. people who are injured or killed i. . large farm animals bred for their meat or milk j tendencies k. enlisting people as members of the armed services l. a period of rapid growth m. ways of thinking or behaving n.  >> pagina 660  Listen to the first part of the recording and take notes in order to decide whether the sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones. Activity 3.B The Demographic Boom and the Agricultural Revolution Between the end of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century no census of the population was taken. 1.          T         F In Asia and America the population grew from 110 million to 150 million inhabitants. 2.          T         F In the 18th century plague epidemics and famines caused a great number of deaths. 3.          T         F In the 18th century higher standards of hygiene contributed to reducing the death of young children. 4.          T         F In England the traditional open fields system improved the quantity and quality of agricultural production. 5.          T         F As a result of the “Agricultural Revolution” poor farmers were forced to sell their lands and move to the cities to look for new jobs. 6.          T         F  Asset ID: 73 ( )  sto-audlet-demographic-boom-agricultural-revolution210.mp3 Listening Match the following words to their synoyms. Activity 3.c  fleet  1.  cloth  2.  machinery  3.  exploit  4.  coal  5.  devices  6.  promoted  7.  peasants  8.  wages  9.  income  10. coke a. encouraged b. . navy c small farmers d. . pay e take advantage of f. earnings g. fabric h. tools, pieces of equipment i. . large machines j  Listen to the second part of the recording and take notes in order to complete the chart below. ACTIVITY 3.D The Causes of the Industrial Revolution Commerce England controlled ( ) ……...……...…… commerce. 1. Capitals As a result of the ( ) ……...……...…… Revolution many ( ) ……...…................…...…… had accumulated capitals. 2. 3. Resources Northern American and ( ) ……...……...…… colonies supplied England with ( ) ……...……...…… . English mines were rich in ( ) ……...……...…… and ( ) ……...……...…… . 4. 5. 6. 7. Transportation England had an efficient ( ) ……...……...…… of rivers and artificial canals and also had good ( ) ……...……...…… routes. 8. 9. Cultural context Elementary education was common among ( ) ……...……...…… .Learned people promoted ( ) ……...…...…… and technological ( ) ……...……...… . 10. 11. 12. Workforce The Agricultural ( ) ……...……...…… had forced many peasants to ( ) ……...……...…… to the cities in search of new ( ) ……...……...…… . 13. 14. 15. Markets ( ) ……...……...…… could count both on the ( ) ……...……...…… market and on the internal market. 16. 17.  Asset ID: 74 ( )  sto-audlet-causes-industrial-revolution220.mp3 Listening  >> pagina 661  MATERIALS Technical Innovations During the 18th century the conditions in England were very favourable for the development of a new productive system. Morevover, the scientific community contributed to stimulating experimental investigations which led to technological innovations. For example the Royal Society promoted the work of both scientists and artisans who constructed devices for agriculture, weaving and navigation. As the demand for cloth grew, one of the sectors that was mostly affected by the technical progress of the period was the cotton industry. English entrepreneurs imported raw cotton from North and South America as well as from India, and organized the production of enormous quantities of light, resistant and easily washable textiles. The need to make the process faster and less expensive led to the invention of new machines. Around 1730 John Kay patented the “Flying Shuttle”, that allowed wider cloth to be weaved and at a faster speed than before. In 1769 Richard Arkwright patented the “Water Frame”, a frame that used water as a source of power. In 1775, after decades of attempts and partial applications, James Watt fine-tuned the steam engine. His device used the change in water temperature to transform heat into kinetic energy and worked mechanically with a system of pistons, cylinders and wheels. This machine was easy to use in the textile industries and increased the speed of production enormously. The steam engine became the symbol of the Industrial Revolution. Watt’s steam engine.  Read the text   and find the words that have the following meanings: ACTIVITY 4.a Technical Innovations  ……...……...…… : obtained the exclusive rights to an invention 1.  ……...……...…… : the cylindrical part fitting and moving within a cylinder 2.  ……...……...…… : people who own and manage businesses 3.  ……...……...…… : a water-powered machine for the production of cotton thread 4.  ……...……...…… : chambers in which the pressure of a gas or liquid moves a piston 5.  ……...……...…… : a machine which uses vaporized water to generate power 6.  ……...……...…… : the energy that an object has due to its motion 7.  ……...……...…… : a device that enables weavers to produce wider cloth at faster speeds 8.  ……...……...…… : objects made for specific purposes 9.  ……...……...…… : cloth produced by weaving 10.  >> pagina 662 The Transportation Revolution The developments in the productive systems in various countries also stimulated a revolution in transportation. The English government made considerable investments to improve communication routes such as roads and canals, but the introduction of the steam engine completely changed the way goods and people were transported. In 1807 the American inventor Robert Fulton trialled the first steam-powered boat, which carried passengers between New York City and Albany. Steamboats were designed to fit the shallow waters of rivers, and from that moment on they dominated the commerce of the Mississippi area in the United States. In England Richard Trevithick invented the locomotive, a steam-driven vehicle which ran on a railway. Trains were first used to transport raw materials like coal to factories, and finished goods to markets. In 1825 the first public passenger train, built by George Stephenson, was inaugurated. It ran from Darlington to Stockton, carried 450 passengers, and travelled at a speed of 24 km per hour. Both the industrial and the transportation revolutions boosted coal-mining, which expanded the iron and steel industries. As England was rich in iron mines and coal reserves it became the leading country of the Industrial Revolution.  Read the text   and answer the questions. ACTIVITY 4.B The Transportation Revolution  What changed the way goods and people were transported? 1.  What did Robert Fulton trial in 1807? 2.  What did George Stephenson build in England? 3.  What were trains first used for? 4.  Why did England become the leading country of the Industrial Revolution? 5.  Read the text   and select the correct alternatives. ACTIVITY 4.c The Factory System The Factory System Between the 17th and the 18th centuries the demand for cloth   /  . Production in England was organized by merchant-entrepreneurs in a more   /   way called the “domestic system” or “putting-out system”.   /   provided rural families with raw materials, such as wool and cotton, and tools for spinning and weaving, and then collected the finished products to be   /   on the market. Workers – men, women and even children – were paid for their output and in this way families were able to increase their incomes. The Industrial Revolution marked the   /   of the domestic system, as the large size of the new machines, such as power looms, made it necessary to build factories. The workers of the domestic system moved to factories, which were usually located beside   /   because water was an important source of power. Existing towns around the factories grew in size and new ones were created, too. These housed thousands of   /   workers. Another consequence of the factory system was a more marked division of labour. Each worker had to concentrate on one limited task and repeat a few,   /   gestures without error: this made the productive process   /   and more efficient. grew decreased efficient traditional Merchants landlords sold bartered decline improvement rivers mountains industrial agricultural simple complex faster slower Illustration of a pin factory, from   by Diderot and D’Alembert. The Encyclopedia  >> pagina 663   Complete the text about Adam Smith by inserting the words given. ACTIVITY 4.d free • division • economist • price • interests • society • benefit • demand Adam Smith (1723-1790) was a Scottish philosopher and ( ) ……............……...…… . In his main work,  , he considered the ( ) ……............……...…… of labour as the necessary condition for reducing the ( ) ……............……...…… for goods. Furthermore, he thought that each individual ought to pursue his ( ) ……............……...…… and his desire for wealth, so that it would benefit the entire ( ) ……............……...…… .This, according to Smith, was made possible by the “invisible hand”, an unseen force that, in a ( ) ……............……...…… market, preserves the equilibrium between the ( ) ……............……...…… and supply of goods, for the ( ) ……............……...…… of all. 1. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The Scottish economist Adam Smith portrayed by Charles Smith, 18th century. Mass Consumerism One of the consequences of the Industrial Revolution was that it took less time and less money to produce huge amounts of goods. As a result goods were of lower quality but could be sold at lower prices. Consumerism became a mass phenomenon and people changed their lifestyles. Important transformations took place inside each individual home, especially in cities. Rooms were more clearly separated on the basis of their function (cooking, eating, working, studying, and sleeping). A room, where chairs and benches were substituted with armchairs and couches, could be reserved for conversation. Chests and trunks were replaced by wardrobes and cupboards, and the houses of the rich included spaces, furnished with desks and shelves, for reading, writing and book-keeping. Oil and gas lamps began to be used inside the home, enabling people to work or spend time in recreational activities after dusk. Fireplaces gave way to cast iron or ceramic stoves, which propagated heat in a more uniform way. Personal hygiene improved, too. Until then kings and nobles took baths once or twice a year, but in the 18th century it became common for many people to wash themselves once a week. The use of cotton underwear and cotton shirts also improved hygiene, as such clothing could be washed more frequently and more easily than wool or silk clothes.  Read the text   and then complete the sentences. ACTIVITY 4.e Mass Consumerism  Important transformations took place inside each individual home, where  1.    The furniture in conversation areas included 2.    Storage areas that once included chests and trunks now 3.    It was possible to do recreational activities because 4.    In the 18th century personal hygiene improved as it became common for people to  5.    >> pagina 664   Pair work ACTIVITY 4.F Working with a partner prepare  -questions ( ,  ,  ,   and  ) for the image below and then give answers. Using the answers you have given prepare a short oral description. wh who where when what why   ACTIVITY 4.g Individual research Do some research on the Internet to find the  , 1989. Read it, then choose two articles that you believe are particularly significant and try to explain why in a short written paragraph. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child PRIMARY SOURCE England, children working in coal mines. Workers’ Conditions One of the most evident consequences of the factory system in England was urbanization, which was the movement of people from rural areas to cities. Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds and Sheffield became crowded industrial towns in a country where, until then, London had been the only great urban centre. The rapid increase in the size of the cities led to urban overcrowding. The new built-up areas grew in a chaotic way and factory workers were forced to live with their families in small, miserable buildings in unsanitary conditions. Often, they did not have access to clean water and the sewer systems were rudimentary and caused the outbreak of diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis and smallpox. The entrepreneurs did not need skilled workers and could impose harsh working conditions and low wages. Men, women and children were exploited. They worked 13 or more hours a day without breaks. Transgressors were severely punished and Sunday Schools instilled obedience and submission into the children. It was only in the first years of the 19th century that groups of industrial workers and artisans organized themselves to protest against their poor working conditions. This resulted in attacks on factories and the destruction of machinery because the mechanization of the textile industry was considered to be the cause of their miserable conditions. The Luddite Movement, which took its name from an imaginary character called Ned Ludd, led the protests and the riots. During the 19th century a class consciousness gradually developed among industrial workers and artisans. As a result, they realized that they belonged to a specific social class with common economic conditions and needs.  Individual research ACTIVITY 4.h Try to find information about the working conditions of children in rapidly developing countries, for example in Bangladesh, Vietnam etc. and write a short report (10 lines) about the workplaces, the employment and treatment of children, and the standard of living in these countries. Referring to the   add a short comment to your report stating if, in your opinion, the Convention is being respected or not, and why. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child  >> pagina 665 Read the text   and then complete the sentences by choosing the correct option. ACTIVITY 4.i  Workers’ Conditions  As a consequence of the factory system in England 1.  Londo a. n became a great urban centre. people moved from rural areas to cities. b. many factory workers were forced to go to Manchester. c. In the new built-up areas 2. workers developed a class consciousness. a. workers attacked factories. b. workers often did not have access to clean water. c. The entrepreneurs did not need skilled workers and could 3. impose low wages. a. send workers to Sunday Schools. b. control the outbreak of diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis and smallpox. c. Workers and artisans slowly developed a class consciousness, which was 4. the mechanization of the textile industry. a. a sense of obedience and submission. b. the realization that they belonged to a social class with common economic conditions and needs. c.  General revision ACTIVITY 5  What were enclosures and why were they important in the transformation of agricultural production? 1.  What conditions made industrialization possible? 2.  What was, in your opinion, the most important invention of the Industrial Revolution? Why? 3.  Give some examples of consumerism resulting from the Industrial Revolution. 4.  Describe two important consequences of the Industrial Revolution for workers. 5. FINAL TASK  Individual work CASE STUDY Imagine that you are a textile factory worker living during the Industrial Revolution. You have been chosen by your fellow workers to represent them and put forth their requests to the factory owner. Using the content and vocabulary studied in this module prepare a document called Time for Change to be presented to the owner of the factory. Your document should: have a short introduction that describes the living and working conditions of workers; suggest changes and improvements to the production process and the working conditions.